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RESEARCH PAPER DOCUMENTATION

PARANTHETICAL DOCUMENTATION • MLA STYLE

Use parenthetical citations to identify the source of any quoted, paraphrased, or summarized information within your paper. Parenthetical citations typically include, in parentheses, the author’s last name and page number(s) where the information can be found. Parenthetical citations in the text must clearly point to specific sources in the list of works cited.

Short Quotation (one to four typed lines)
The Oklahoma migrants found “not a Promised Land but a man-blighted Eden” (Crockett 195).

Long Quotation (more than four typed lines)
He believes that eventually the courts will act to force studio executives to accept responsibility for the effects of their products:

But the laughing will soon stop. It will take only one large verdict against the likes of Oliver Stone, and his production company, and perhaps the screenwriter, and the studio itself, and then the party will be over. The verdict will come from the heartland, far away from Southern California, in some small courtroom with no cameras. (Grisham 577)
Short Quotation with Author’s Name in Text
As critic H. Kelly Crockett has pointed out, the Oklahoma migrants found “not a Promised Land but a man-blighted Eden” (195).
Multiple Works by One Author
Shakespeare’s King Lear has been called a “comedy of the grotesque” (Frye, Anatomy 237).
One’s death is not a unique experience, for “every moment we have lived through we have also died out of into another order” (Frye, Double Vision 85).
A Work by Two or Three Authors
Very little is now known about how dolphins and whales communicate (Akmajian, Demers, and Harnish 36).
A Work by Four or More Authors
Scientists are still debating whether the higher apes can be taught to create “sentences” in sign language (Kim et al. 427).
A Work Without a Listed Author
One contributor wrote that the novel contained “a number of factual errors” (“Some Errors” 647).
An Indirect Source
When speaking of television drama, Leonard Eron, of the University of Illinois, says “perpetrators of violence should not be rewarded for violent acts” (qtd. in Siano 595).
Nonpaginated Source
The migrants didn’t have the necessary money, or “Do-Re-Me,” to live decently (Guthrie).

 

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